"You can never justify the cost," said Karl M. von der Heyden, a Greenwich resident who retired last year as vice chairman of PepsiCo Inc. Accustomed to arriving at business and board meetings aboard the soft-drink company's fleet of corporate jets, von der Heyden decided to buy a share of a Pilatus PC12, a high-performance, single-engine prop-jet that can carry half a dozen passengers 1,750 miles without refueling.
Von der Heyden uses the Pilatus PC12, a Swiss aircraft offered under the PlaneSense fractional ownership program of New Hampshire-based Alpha Flying Inc., to attend board meetings at companies where he remains a director and his trustees meetings at Duke University in Durham, N.C., or to visit his second home in North Carolina's Outer Banks.
Why doesn't he fly United, Delta, AirTran or the other commercial carriers?
"It's the hassles involved," said von der Heyden, whose father was chief engineer at Germany's Lufthansa in the 1920s. "When we go down to the Outer Banks, if I flew commercial, I would have to fly to Norfolk (Va.), and still drive for two hours."
Hank Greer of Stamford, a retired investment company president, praises his fractional airplane ownership for "flexibility, ease of use and not having to get stymied in commercial flying. I've been knocked off flights. I've gone to airports for a 6:30 a.m. flight and found it's been canceled."
"We use it for both business and pleasure," Greer said. "It's a great thing to be able to see your kids and grandkids when you want to."
Greer and von der Heyden are just two of what the marketers and managers of fractional ownership programs say is a cluster of owners in this area. One recently launched fractional company, CitationShares, a partnership of Textron's Cessna Aircraft Co. and TAG Aviation services, even chose to locate its headquarters at the Greenwich American Centre in Greenwich.
The top market for Flexjet, a unit of Canada's Bombardier Aerospace that sells shares of its Learjets and Challenger business jets, is the New York area, followed by Texas, south Florida and California, according to spokesman Steve Phillips.
"Twenty-five percent of Flexjet owners live in the New York metro area, with a concentration in Greenwich," Phillips said last week.
That's not a surprise, given the demographics of fractional aircraft owners.
"They are for the most part entrepreneurs," Phillips said. "Sixty-five percent are the president or CEO of a company; another 20 percent are board members."
In cases where it's a company rather than an individual holding the fractional share, "Seventy percent of the business owners are privately held companies, 30 percent are public companies," Phillips said.
Some 23 percent of the corporate owners are financial services companies, 20 percent are in technology, 12 percent in manufacturing and 5 percent in real estate, with other business segments having smaller numbers, Phillips said. Also in the fractional ownership equation must be substantial means, whether for a business or individual.
The price tag on a quarter share of a Learjet 45, a twin jet with a range of 2,200 miles and seats for eight or nine passengers, runs $2.4 million, plus $19,460 per month for maintenance and management, and $1,590 for each hour you fly. The quarter share entitles you to 200 hours in the air annually.
Step up to a Boeing Business jet, a luxuriously fitted 737 that will carry the whole board and executive suite across the Atlantic, and the costs go stratospheric. NetJets, a sister company of Stamford-based General Cologne Re under Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway Inc. umbrella, will charge you $11.6 million for the quarter share, plus $82,960 per month for management and $4,360 per occupied hour.
A PlaneSense Pilatus PC12, slower and less class-conscious than the pure jets but with most of their amenities (such as a head and mini-galley) and the ability to land at much smaller airports, is what you might call a backcountry bargain - just $850,000 for the quarter share, $8,969 per month and $572 per hour.
A piece of a plane
Fractional ownership comes with a lot of guarantees, the most important of which is that when you call, you can expect an airplane to be at your local airport and ready for you to fly within four to eight hours, depending on your contract with the management company.
Such a guarantee would be impossible if fractional ownership were limited to a single aircraft and several owners wanted to use the same plane at once. Instead, a "master interchange agreement" means that while the share might legally be of a single aircraft, the owner's flying needs are fulfilled by a fleet, according to Warren Morningstar, director of media relations for the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.
"With fractional ownership, you're paying for the use of an aircraft for a specific amount of time," Morningstar said. "It's a piece of an aircraft, but not a specific aircraft. There is a network of aircraft around the world that you have access to.”
That network is small but growing, according to Flexjet's Phillips.
"In 1995-96, there were 37 total aircraft in fractional ownership programs worldwide, with 114 businesses and individuals with ownership shares," Phillips said. "At the end of January 2001, there were 571 aircraft in the FO fleet, with 2,827 owners. That's a huge jump. The growth is in excess of 40 percent per year."
The National Business Aviation Association agrees with the 40 percent growth figure, but puts the raw numbers even higher. According to figures supplied by NBAA spokeswoman Cassandra Bosco, 3,694 companies and individuals owned fractions last year, up from 2,591 in 1999.
NetJets, with more than 300 planes under management, is the industry leader and was the first, in 1986, to offer fractional ownership programs, according to Kevin Russell, senior vice president of Executive jet Inc., which operates NetJets.
"Richard Santulli created the fractional concept in 1986. He was a college mathematics professor who had moved on to find his niche at Goldman, Sachs," Russell said. "He became one of the best financial lease experts in the world."
Santulli acquired Executive Jet, a management and charter company, upon leaving Goldman. It soon dawned on him, said Russell, that "I own an aviation company. I fly a lot. But I don't think I fly enough for me to own a plane."
From his business, Santulli knew that the average corporate jet flew 800 "occupied hours" a year, not including deadhead time for positioning the aircraft. He did the math, broke the 800 hours into 50-hour shares, and began selling fractions.
The industry moved slowly until the economic boom of the mid-1990s, when an increase in business and individual wealth, plus growing dissatisfaction with the commercial carriers, lured people away from crowded gates and cabins and into the world of private aircraft.
One local businessman, whose Darien-based investment companies have interests around the country and the world, saw fractional ownership as the best way to maintain a family life.
This businessman, who like many fractional owners prefers not to be identified, recently gathered a group of investors to check out a possible acquisition near Washington, D.C.
They took off from Westchester County Airport in New York about 7 a.m. for Dulles International Airport in suburban Virginia, and returned the same day using his fractional PlaneSense Pilatus PC12 ownership, which these days he mostly employs for business. That wasn't always so.
"Initially, I was working in London and I'd commute back and forth each weekend," he said. "In the summer, my family would be living up at the Cape. About a year later, our firm got sold to a British bank and they asked me to come to London and run the debt portion of the business.
"On the weekends, I'd take the Concorde to Kennedy, which took three hours. You'd have eight hours if you were flying from London to Boston," he said.
The tricky part was finding a reliable way to get from JFK to Cape Cod, and a fractional ownership seemed just the ticket. On one of his commutes to Hyannis, "I saw this really neat-looking airplane," which led him to investigate and eventually buy a fraction of a Pilatus PC12.
He uses the aircraft for short to medium-range hauls, but says it's too small for coast-to-coast - not to mention that it can't make it past the Rockies without stopping for fuel.
"That's longer than you're willing to sit in the airplane," he said, adding that he finds the real benefit is landing near his ultimate destination. "I can get into a very, very small runway."
He's convinced, too, that fractional ownership, which offers tax benefits such as depreciation, can be a cost-effective way to do business. "If you fly with four people, it beats commercial hands down."
Greer said the money is just part of the equation. "PlaneSense cost a little bit more, but how much is your time worth?"
For von der Heyden, "It's a lifestyle issue. You have to be willing to pay for the convenience."
Safety and security
The owners all agree that buying a fraction is a big commitment, and did their due diligence on the risks and rewards carefully before signing on the dotted line.
"It was a month looking at the aircraft and its safety record, talking to pilots, talking to people not associated with PlaneSense, talking to other owners," Greer said.
Von der Heyden spoke with his peers who were investigating fractional ownership, and looked very hard at his rights and responsibilities. "Obviously, I got my lawyer involved," he said.
Ranking high among owners' concerns is liability - who pays if a passenger is injured, or the airplane bumps into another on the tarmac? The monthly management fee in part pays the premium on a big insurance policy, typically $100 million or so, which is not out of line given the high cost of airplanes and the huge number of people who fly in them.
Safety is a concern not only to the fractional owners, but also, as the industry grows, to the Federal Aviation Administration. On the plus side, fractional ownership is so new that the fleets are as well. NetJets says the average age of its aircraft is 2.5 years, far younger than the average commercial airliner.
There is a brewing controversy about the rules under which fractionally owned aircraft should operate. Currently, that's under FAA regulations for general aviation aircraft, where the owner is often the pilot, or at least - in the case of a jet owned by a corporation, for example - takes on full responsibility for its repairs and maintenance.
But fractional owners tend to be passengers transplanted from business class on a commercial 757 or A320, and lean on the management company to change the oil, kick the tires and act on any FAA Airworthiness Directive that could in a dire instance spell the difference between life and death. Thus, the FAA wants to treat fractional ownership companies as passenger carriers, holding them to higher safety and service standards.
"We issued a notice of proposed rulemaking," said FAA spokesman Paul Takemoto. "They're closer to charters than they are to general aviation."
Any new regulations for fractional ownership flying are months if not years away, following comment periods, public hearings and, most likely, negotiations over what they should look like.
There are no current safety statistics available for fractionally owned aircraft or programs since such flying is considered part of general aviation. The companies, however, emphasize heavy investments in pilot training, maintenance and state-of-the-art equipment, and the owners say they are comfortable with what they see.
"I marvel at the way they do it," von der Heyden said. "They are very safety conscious. I have recommended it to a number of my friends."
Really, really big
Despite the softening economy, the fractional ownership industry is betting on growth, and the companies have a steady stream of new planes entering service.
NetJets, the biggest purchaser of business jets in the world, just bought its first Boeing Business jet. Flexjet, with dibs on Bombardier production, simply adds another airplane to the fleet whenever there's demand.
PlaneSense is growing its Pilatus PC12 inventory from seven to 10. CitationShares in Greenwich has seven Citation Bravos and six more on the way. These twin jets can carry six passengers more than 1,800 miles. The company also has one shorter-range CJ1 now flying and more 12 coming, and will soon take delivery on a Citation Excel, which has a wider cabin and can accommodate seven or eight passengers on an 1,800-mile plus flight.
The impact of fractional ownership is being noticed in the flying business, said Tim Bannon, general manager of Million Air, which operates Sikorsky Airport in Bridgeport.
"Almost every day of the week we see a fractional aircraft on the ramp. It's a growing part of our business," Bannon said.
"Executive Jet is our second biggest customer," he added. General Electric Co., which runs a virtual mini-airline with about a dozen aircraft, is the biggest. But GE also owns a couple of Flexjet fractions for the times when its own fleet just isn't big enough, Bannon said.
Owners have flocked to fractionals for a lot of reasons - time-savings, closer airports, privacy… and some of the simpler things.
"The seats are substantially more comfortable than in a commercial airliner," Greer said.
"We have taken tables on board, or five or six bicycles," von der Heyden said. "You can take your dogs and cats and let them run around the cabin."
Testimonials such as that keep people coming, say the management companies.
"This week we will sign our 100th owner," said Jennifer M. Whitlow, director of marketing and corporate communications for CitationShares, which launched operations only eight months ago. "We have a continuous growth opportunity."
For more information on the PlaneSense aircraft fractional ownership program, contact
Pat Reed, Vice President Sales
Alpha Flying Inc., One Garside Way,
PO Box 6300, Manchester, NH 03108
Call Toll-free: (866) 214-1212
Fax (603) 627-6596
or visit www.planesense.org
Note: Data and rates in effect
as of 06/01/02.
IMAGE CAPTIONS:
Top to bottom as they appear in article
PILATUS LANDING Hank Greer of Stamford carries his two cats off a PlaneSense Pilatus PC12 at Sikorsky Airport in Stratford after flying from Charleston, S.C. His wife, Laurel, trails behind him at right. The plane made the trip in 2 hours and 30 minutes and flew into Million Air in Stratford.
Interior of a Pilatus PC12, which is the choice of fractional aircraft owners in this area.
A PlaneSense Pilatus PC12 fractional aircraft makes a final approach. Owners say they like the ability of the plane to use smaller, less conjested airports.